Karl Heinrich Rau y el diagrama marshalliano de la oferta y la demanda

Editada en la Fundación Empresa PúblicaEste trabajo muestra que el economista alemán Karl Heinrich Rau (1792-1870) merece ser justamente considerado como precursor del conocido diagrama marshalliano de la oferta y la demanda, o diagrama de las tijeras de Marshall. Marshall conoció la obra de Rau desde la temprana edad de su formación como economista, pero se refirió a él de forma incompleta y fuera de contexto, silenciando su pionera descripción gráfica del equilibrio competitivo. El artículo concluye poniendo de manifiesto que la conocida acusación schumpeteriana acerca de la falta de generosidad de Marshall con todos aquellos cuyos trabajos están íntimamente relacionados con el suyo se aplica igualmente al caso de Rau.This paper shows that the German economist Karl Heinrich Rau (1792-1870) deserves to be credited as precursor of the marshallian well-known diagram of the supply and demand, or Marshall's scissors diagram. Marshall was aware of Rau's work at an early stage in his economic studies, but he referred to him in an incomplete way and not where he should, silencing his pioneering graphic description of competitive equilibrium. The paper concludes by asserting that the well-known schumpeteriam claim on Marshall's lack of generosity with all those whose work was closely related to his own applies likewise to the case of Rau.Publicad

Modos de hacer/2

Nos presentamos en estas jornadas con la idea de compartir un recorrido, mostrar, explorar, analizar, indagar e interrogarnos acerca del proceso metodológico creativo-realizativo que hacemos/desplegamos durante la cursada, a través del estudio de un trabajo realizado por estudiantes de la carerra de Artes Audiovisuales. Los procesos de renovación que se están produciendo en el espacio audiovisual argentino deben ir de la mano de un claro cambio en los modos de concebir, interpretar, realizar y ejercer la pedagogía audiovisual. Esta investigación intenta reflejar los procesos metodológicos de enseñanza y aprendizaje con el objetivo de lograr realizadores críticos comprometidos con la región y las epistemologías de las artes audiovisuales. Para esto se propone abordar las estrategias pedagógicas en diferentes momentos de la cursada particularizando en el trabajo realizado por un grupo de estudiantes de la promoción 2018, el cortometraje Miguel.Facultad de Bellas Artes (FBA

Towards dense people detection with deep learning and depth images

This paper describes a novel DNN-based system, named PD3net, that detects multiple people from a single depth image, in real time. The proposed neural network processes a depth image and outputs a likelihood map in image coordinates, where each detection corresponds to a Gaussian-shaped local distribution, centered at each person?s head. This likelihood map encodes both the number of detected people as well as their position in the image, from which the 3D position can be computed. The proposed DNN includes spatially separated convolutions to increase performance, and runs in real-time with low budget GPUs. We use synthetic data for initially training the network, followed by fine tuning with a small amount of real data. This allows adapting the network to different scenarios without needing large and manually labeled image datasets. Due to that, the people detection system presented in this paper has numerous potential applications in different fields, such as capacity control, automatic video-surveillance, people or groups behavior analysis, healthcare or monitoring and assistance of elderly people in ambient assisted living environments. In addition, the use of depth information does not allow recognizing the identity of people in the scene, thus enabling their detection while preserving their privacy. The proposed DNN has been experimentally evaluated and compared with other state-of-the-art approaches, including both classical and DNN-based solutions, under a wide range of experimental conditions. The achieved results allows concluding that the proposed architecture and the training strategy are effective, and the network generalize to work with scenes different from those used during training. We also demonstrate that our proposal outperforms existing methods and can accurately detect people in scenes with significant occlusions.Ministerio de Economía y CompetitividadUniversidad de AlcaláAgencia Estatal de Investigació

Hyperspectral Sensors as a Management Tool to Prevent the Invasion of the Exotic Cordgrass Spartina densiflora in the Doñana Wetlands

We test the use of hyperspectral sensors for the early detection of the invasive dense-flowered cordgrass (Spartina densiflora Brongn.) in the Guadalquivir River marshes, Southwestern Spain. We flew in tandem a CASI-1500 (368–1052 nm) and an AHS (430–13,000 nm) airborne sensors in an area with presence of S. densiflora. We simplified the processing of hyperspectral data (no atmospheric correction and no data-reduction techniques) to test if these treatments were necessary for accurate S. densiflora detection in the area. We tested several statistical signal detection algorithms implemented in ENVI software as spectral target detection techniques (matched filtering, constrained energy minimization, orthogonal subspace projection, target-constrained interference minimized filter, and adaptive coherence estimator) and compared them to the well-known spectral angle mapper, using spectra extracted from ground-truth locations in the images. The target S. densiflora was easy to detect in the marshes by all algorithms in images of both sensors. The best methods (adaptive coherence estimator and target-constrained interference minimized filter) on the best sensor (AHS) produced 100% discrimination (Kappa = 1, AUC = 1) at the study site and only some decline in performance when extrapolated to a new nearby area. AHS outperformed CASI in spite of having a coarser spatial resolution (4-m vs. 1-m) and lower spectral resolution in the visible and near-infrared range, but had a better signal to noise ratio. The larger spectral range of AHS in the short-wave and thermal infrared was of no particular advantage. Our conclusions are that it is possible to use hyperspectral sensors to map the early spread S. densiflora in the Guadalquivir River marshes. AHS is the most suitable airborne hyperspectral sensor for this task and the signal processing techniques target-constrained interference minimized filter (TCIMF) and adaptive coherence estimator (ACE) are the best performing target detection techniques that can be employed operationally with a simplified processing of hyperspectral images.This study has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the research projects HYDRA (No. CGL2006-02247/BOS) and HYDRA2 (CGL2009-09801/BOS), by the National Parks Authority (Organismo Autonomo de Parques Nacionales) of the Spanish Ministry of Environment to project OAPN 042/2007, and by funding from the European Union (EU) Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 641762 to ECOPOTENTIAL project. The Espacio Natural de Doñana provided permits for field work in protected areas with restricted access. We are grateful to the Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Spain, for performing the airborne campaign and the geometric correction of the images. J.B. has to acknowledge a sabbatical stay at Pye Laboratory of the Commonwealth Scientific and Research Organization (CSIRO) Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Australia, and at the Climate Change Cluster (C3) of the University of Technology Sydney, Australia, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Education, during data analysis and writing of this paper. This publication is a contribution from CEIMAR and also a contribution from CEICAMBIO. We acknowledge support by the CSIC Open Access Publication Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI

Modos de hacer/2

Nos presentamos en estas jornadas con la idea de compartir un recorrido, mostrar, explorar, analizar, indagar e interrogarnos acerca del proceso metodológico creativo-realizativo que hacemos/desplegamos durante la cursada, a través del estudio de un trabajo realizado por estudiantes de la carerra de Artes Audiovisuales. Los procesos de renovación que se están produciendo en el espacio audiovisual argentino deben ir de la mano de un claro cambio en los modos de concebir, interpretar, realizar y ejercer la pedagogía audiovisual. Esta investigación intenta reflejar los procesos metodológicos de enseñanza y aprendizaje con el objetivo de lograr realizadores críticos comprometidos con la región y las epistemologías de las artes audiovisuales. Para esto se propone abordar las estrategias pedagógicas en diferentes momentos de la cursada particularizando en el trabajo realizado por un grupo de estudiantes de la promoción 2018, el cortometraje Miguel.Facultad de Bellas Artes (FBA

Do the Historical Biogeography and Evolutionary History of the Digenean Margotrema spp. across Central Mexico Mirror Those of Their Freshwater Fish Hosts (Goodeinae)?

Host-parasite systems provide an ideal platform to study evolution at different levels, including codivergence in a historical biogeography context. In this study we aim to describe biogeographic and codivergent patterns and associated processes of the Goodeinae freshwater fish and their digenean parasite (Margotrema spp.) over the last 6.5 Ma (million years), identifying the main factors (host and/or hydrogeomorphology) that influenced the evolution of Margotrema. We obtained a species tree for Margotrema spp. using DNA sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear molecular markers (COI and ITS1, respectively) and performed molecular dating to discern divergence events within the genus. The dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis (DEC) model was used to describe the historical biogeography of digeneans and applied to cophylogenetic analyses of Margotrema and their goodeine hosts. Our results showed that the evolutionary history of Margotrema has been shaped in close association with its geographic context, especially with the geological history of central Mexico during the Pleistocene. Host-specificity has been established at three levels of historical association: a) Species-Species, represented by Xenotaenia resolanae -M. resolanae exclusively found in the Cuzalapa River Basin; b) Species-Lineage, represented by Characodon audax-M. bravoae Lineage II, exclusive to the Upper and Middle Mezquital River Basin, and c) Tribe-Lineage, including two instances of historical associations among parasites and hosts at the taxonomical level of tribe, one represented by Ilyodontini-M. bravoae Lineage I (distributed across the Ayuquila and Balsas River Basins), and another comprised of Girardinichthyini/Chapalichthyini-M. bravoae Lineage III, found only in the Lerma River Basin. We show that the evolutionary history of the parasites is, on several occasions, in agreement with the phylogenetic and biogeographic history of their hosts. A series of biogeographic and host-parasite events explain the codivergence patterns observed, in which cospeciation and colonisation via host-switching and vicariant plus dispersal events are appreciated, at different times during the diversification history of both associates, particularly during the Pleistocene.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Analysis of the recording of Fibonacci lenses using photopolymers with 3-D diffusion model

In the present work, a 3-Dimensional diffusion model is proposed to predict the main properties of Diffractive Optical Elements (DOEs), recorded in photopolymers, including refractive index modulation and the evolution of the transverse intensity distribution. The model enables the selection of appropriate material characteristics based on the intended application of the DOE. Specifically, a PVA/AA photopolymer based on acrylamide is simulated using the proposed model, considering coverplating and index matching systems to mitigate the effects of thickness variation. In order to compare its properties using the suggested model, the simulation focuses on a Fibonacci Lens and the dependece of the intensity on the polymerization rate. Accordingly, axial intensity pattern is represented to prove the bifocal-behaviour of these diffractive lenses.Funded by the “Generalitat Valenciana” (Spain) (ID- IFEDER/2021/014, cofunded by EU through FEDER Pro- gramme; PROMETEO/2021/006 and INVEST/2022/419 financed by Next Generation EU), “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” (Spain) (PID2021-123124OB-I00)

Evaluación del índice de pie plano y prevalencia de trastornos músculo-esqueléticos del pie en deportistas Jóvenes: natación, remo y levantamiento de pesas

Objectives: The objective of this work was to analyze the morphology of the soles of the feet in young athletes to find the prevalence of these pathologies through the Chippaux-Smirak index. Material and Methods: Seventy-five athletes between nine and twenty years old participated in the study (56% female and 44% male), the average mass was 62.92 ± 13.46kg and the average height was 1.67 ± 0.11m. The sports considered in the study were weightlifting, swimming, and rowing. Results: The results clearly show that flatfeet in adolescents and young adults is a condition with a low prevalence level, 10.7% and 12% for the right and left foot, respectively. One of the most outstanding results found in the study is the high prevalence of cavus foot, where women are the most affected by this pathology. Furthermore, swimming presented the highest prevalence of cavus foot, 42.1% and 52.6% for the right and left foot, respectively. Conclusion:  In conclusion, the understanding of the morphology of the soles of the feet can help to determine the foot type in these three different sports, and therefore, it can be implemented physiotherapeutic treatments or orthotics devices for overcome the musculoskeletal disorders and prevent future injures.Objetivos: El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la morfología de las plantas de los pies en jóvenes deportistas para encontrar la prevalencia de estas patologías a través del índice de Chippaux-Smirak.  Material y Métodos: Setenta y cinco atletas entre nueve y veinte años de edad participaron en el estudio (56% mujeres y 44% hombres), la masa promedio fue de 62.92 ± 13.46kg y la altura promedio fue de 1.67 ± 0.11m. Los deportes considerados en el estudio fueron levantamiento de pesas, natación y remo. Resultados: Los resultados muestran claramente que los pies planos en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes son una condición con un nivel de prevalencia bajo, 10.7% y 12% para el pie derecho e izquierdo, respectivamente. Uno de los resultados más sobresalientes encontrados en el estudio es la alta prevalencia de pie cavo, donde las mujeres son las más afectadas por esta alteración. Además, natación presentó mayor prevalencia de pie cavo, 42.1% y 52.6% para el pie derecho e izquierdo, respectivamente. Conclusiones: La comprensión de la morfología de las plantas de los pies puede ayudar a determinar el tipo de pie en estos tres deportes diferentes y, por lo tanto, se pueden implementar tratamientos fisioterapéuticos o dispositivos ortopédicos para superar los trastornos músculo-esqueléticos y prevenir futuras lesiones

Fast Quality Control of Natural Gas for Commercial Supply and Transport Utilities

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade da Coruña/CISUG[Abstract] Quality control of natural gas frequently relies on off-line slow standardized chromatographic techniques. Previous implementations of new measurement approaches focused of synthetic mixtures without extensive industrial validation. Here, a fast alternative based on infrared spectra is presented to predict the gas constituents and a physical parameter, the Wobbe index. Commercial samples instead of synthetic mixtures were used to develop predictive models. Method performance parameters were calculated and ca. 100 % of the sample-specific confidence intervals for the predictions overlapped with those of the reference values and the approach was unbiased and precise. The limits of detection and quantification (classical and considering errors of type I and II) outperformed other approaches. Validation included commercial samples and primary mixtures. Furthermore, prediction models considering reduced sets of variables were sought for using Markov-chain Monte Carlo guided searches (uninformative variable elimination and random frog) and common (iPLS, UVE and SR) approaches. The prediction errors and limits of detection of these ‘reduced’ models outperformed those from other approaches. The methodology takes only minutes to analyse a sample, requires few sample and no reagents (only some argon), making this approach cost-effective and environmentally-friendly.Xunta de Galicia; ED431C-2017/2